Imperial Submarines

SENSUIKAN!

HIJMS Submarine I-8: Tabular Record of Movement

© 2001 Bob Hackett & Sander Kingsepp
Revision 2

15 December 1938:
The I-8 is completed by Kawasaki's Kobe shipyard, commissioned in the IJN and based in the Yokosuka Naval District.
15 November 1940:
The I-8 is assigned to SubRon 3, Sixth Fleet.
31 October 1941:
Cdr (Rear Admiral posthumously) Emi Tetsushiro is assigned as the Commanding Officer.
10 November 1941: Operation "Z":
The I-8 is in Vice Admiral Shimizu Mitsumi's (former CO of ISE) Advance Expeditionary Force (Sixth Fleet). She is the flagship of Rear Admiral (later Vice Admiral) Miwa Shigeyoshi's SubRon 3: I-68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74 and the I-175.
Admiral Shimizu convenes a meeting aboard his flagship, the light cruiser KATORI. Cdr Emi and the other submarine commanders are briefed on the planned attack on Pearl Harbor.
11 November 1941:
The I-8, fitted with extensive communications equipment, departs Saeki for her first war patrol with ComSubRon 3 Rear Admiral Miwa aboard. She carries an E14Y1 "Glen" floatplane.
24 November 1941:
Departs Kwajalein for Hawaii.
2 December 1941:
The coded signal "Niitakayama nobore (Climb Mt. Niitaka) 1208" is received from the Combined Fleet. It signifies that hostilities will commence on 8 December (Japan time). Mt. Niitaka, located in Formosa (now Taiwan), is then the highest point in the Japanese Empire.
7 December 1941: The Attack on Pearl Harbor:
The I-8 is stationed south of Kauai.
8 December 1941:
The I-8 receives a report from the I-70 about the USS ENTERPRISE (CV-6) returning to Pearl Harbor and relays it to the other submarines.
24 December 1941:
Returns to Kwajalein.
12 January 1942:
The I-8 departs Kawajalein on second war patrol.
20 January-20 February 1942:
The I-8 reconnoiters the American west coast from San Francisco to Seattle. She sees no targets; thereafter, she returns to Kwajalein to reprovision and refuel.
2 March 1942:
Arrives at Kure for repairs and overhaul.
16 March 1942:
Vice Admiral, the Marquis, Komatsu Teruhisa (former CO of CA NACHI) assumes command of the Sixth Fleet (Submarines).
15 April 1942:
SubRon 3 departs Yokosuka for Kwajalein with Rear Admiral Miwa embarked on the I-8.
18 April 1942: The First Bombing of Japan:
SubRon 3 is ordered to be on the lookout for an American Task Force sighted 700 miles E of Tokyo, but makes no contact.
Vice-Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) William F. ("Bull") Halsey's Task Force 16's USS HORNET (CV-8), cruisers, destroyers and an oiler accompanied by the USS ENTERPRISE (CV-6), cruisers, destroyers and another oiler approach to within 668 nautical miles of Japan. Led by Lt Col (later Gen/Medal of Honor) James H. Doolittle, 16 Army North American B-25 "Mitchell" twin-engine bombers of the 17th Bomb Group takeoff from Captain (later Admiral) Marc A. Mitscher's HORNET and strike targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya and Kobe.
April 1942:
Enroute to Kwajalein, Rear Admiral Miwa becomes seriously ill. The I-8 returns to Yokosuka. The remainder of SubRon 3 continues on to Kwajalein.
26 April 1942:
Departs Yokosuka on her third patrol with the newly-appointed ComSubRon 3 Rear Admiral Kono Chimaki aboard.
6 May 1942:
Off Kwajalein. The I-8 is mistakenly bombed by Mitsubishi GM4 "Bettys" of the Chitose NAG. As a result of the damage sustained, the I-8 cannot submerge. (After this incident, double white bands on the afterdeck of IJN submarines are introduced as a standard recognition aide.*)
7 May 1942:
The I-8 arrives at Kwajalein for temporary repairs. ComSubRon 3 leaves the submarine, which proceeds to Kure thereafter.
16 May 1942:
Arrives at Kure for an overhaul. The I-8 is transferred to SubRon 5.
14 July 1942:
SubRon 5 is disbanded. The I-8 is reassigned to the Southwest Area Fleet with SubDiv 30's I-162, -165 and the I-166.
25 July 1942:
Cdr (later Captain) Uchino Shinji (former CO of RO-27) assumes command from Cdr Emi.**
7 August 1942: American Operation "Watchtower" - The Invasion of Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands:
Rear Admiral (later Admiral) Richmond K. Turner's Amphibious Task Force 62, covered by Vice Admiral (later Admiral) Frank J. Fletcher's Task Force 61 and Rear Admiral (later Admiral) John S. McCain's Task Force 63's land-based aircraft, lands Maj Gen (later Gen/Commandant) Alexander A. Vandegrift's 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal opening a seven-month campaign to take the island.
15 September 1942:
Departs Saeki to operate S of Guadalcanal area. The I-8 shells enemy positions and participates in reconnaissance missions.
2 November 1942:
The I-8 launches her seaplane to reconnoiter Efate Island in the New Hebrides.
4 December 1942:
The I-8 departs Shortland with ComSubRon 1, Rear Admiral Mito Hisashi (former CO of I-51) aboard. She carries 21-tons of cargo.
6 December 1942:
The I-8 arrives at Kamimbo Bay, Guadalcanal. A Daihatsu barge makes two trips to transfer her cargo, but an American PT boat is sighted. The I-8 departs with less than one ton cargo still aboard.
14 January 1943:
The I-8 departs Truk to shell Canton Island. The I-8's mission with the heavy cruiser TONE and Kawanishi H8K "Emily" flying boats of the 802nd NAG is to create a diversion for the impending evacuation of Japanese troops from Guadalcanal.
23 January 1943: Operation "KE" - The Evacuation of Guadalcanal.
At 2330 (JST), the I-8 surfaces and fires 41 shells at the airfield and PBY base at Canton.
31 January 1943:
The I-8 carries out periscopic observation of the island, sighting a "seaplane tender".
1 February 1943:
At 0040 (JST), the I-8 surfaces and fires 45 shells at the island targets. A single-engined aircraft appears shortly thereafter and the submarine dives. On her way back to Truk, Cdr Uchino reconnoiters Fiji and Samoa islands.
10 March 1943:
The I-8 arrives at Truk.
21 March 1943:
Arrives at Kure for an overhaul. Her 13.2-mm twin machine guns are replaced with a 25-mm twin AA gun and a single 13.2-mm machine gun. An E27/Type 3 radar detector is fitted.
31 March 1943:
Berlin, Germany. The Japanese Ambassador to Germany, Lt General Oshima Hiroshi, reports to Tokyo that Field Marshal Erich von Manstein suggested that since so many surface blockade-runners are being sunk that large, older U-boats be converted to carry "Yanagi" (Willow)*** war materials between Europe and the Far East. Oshima recommends that the Japanese adopt the German suggestion as soon as possible. Oshima's message is sent in the Japanese diplomatic code, but is intercepted and decoded by the Allies.
1 June 1943:
The I-8 departs Kure in the company of the I-10 and the tender HIE MARU. The I-8 is bound for Lorient, France on a Yanagi mission. She is the second IJN submarine (after I-30) to be given such a mission. Her cargo includes two Type 95 torpedoes, drawings of an automatic trim system, Type 95 submarine torpedo tubes and a new naval reconnaissance plane.
Cdr Uchino also carries LtCdr Norita Sadatoshi (former CO of I-122) and a spare 48-man crew. Norita will later assume command of the German U-1224 "Marco Polo II" (redesignated the RO-501) a type IXC/40 U-boat that is later transferred to the IJN. Other passengers include four translators and code clerks, a LtCdr medical officer and a Technical Cdr expert on torpedo boat engines.
With about 160 men and cargo aboard the cramped I-8, the spare crew is accommodated mainly in the torpedo room. Only the six torpedoes in the tubes (including the two Type 95 torpedoes) are carried.
10 June 1943:
Arrives at Singapore.
11 June 1943:
The I-8 arrives at Penang and takes aboard an additional cargo of quinine, tin and raw rubber. Her E14Y1 floatplane, two pilots and maintenance crew of four are disembarked.
Cdr Uchino's I-8 joins Rear Admiral Ishizaki Noboru's (former CO of HYUGA) SubRon 8 with the I-10, -27, -29 and the I-37.
21 June 1943:
Vice Admiral Takagi Takeo (former CO of MUTSU) assumes command of the Sixth Fleet (Submarines). Vice Admiral Komatsu is later appointed President of the Etajima Naval Academy.
27 June 1943:
The I-8 departs Penang.
8 July 1943:
The I-8 refuels and replenishes from Cdr Tonozuka Kinzo's I-10 at sea that has ComSubRon 8's Rear Admiral Ishizaki embarked. Then the I-8 detaches for Lorient, France.
21 July 1943:
The I-8 enters the Atlantic via the Cape of Good Hope, 300 miles S of Africa. She is battered by fierce storms for 10 days and can make no better than 5 knots. The storms damage her aircraft hangar and upper deck.
24 July 1943:
The I-8 receives its first radio signal from the Kriegsmarine. The Germans warn the Japanese about Allied air patrols and radar.
July 1943:
South Atlantic. The I-8, running surfaced, encounters Kapitänleutnant Peter-Erich Cremer's Type VIIC U-333 bound for La Rochelle, France. Cremer thinks that the huge Japanese submarine looks "strange".
29 July 1943:
The I-8 receives another radio signal from the Kriegsmarine. She is redirected to Brest instead of Lorient.
2 August 1943:
The I-8 crosses the Equator.
20 August 1943:
Atlantic Ocean, S of the Azores. The I-8 makes a rendezvous with Kapitänleutnant Albrecht Achilles' Type IXC U-161 in heavy seas. The next day, she takes aboard Oberleutnant zur See Jahn and two petty officer radiomen to assist in bringing the I-8 safely into the U-Boat base at Brest. The I-8 is code-named "U-Flieder" (Lilac) by the Germans.
The Germans install a Metox 600A (FuMB 1) ("Biscay Cross") radar detector on the I-8's bridge. On completion of this task, the Japanese present the German crew with a 4-gallon tank of coffee. The U-161 detaches for Brazil but is lost the next month SW of the Azores. Jahn and the two petty officers are the only U-161 crewmen to survive her last patrol.
29-31 August 1943:
Bay of Biscay. The Luftwaffe provides air cover for the I-8. Near Brest, they provide additional Ju-88 attack bombers and the Kriegsmarine dispatches torpedo boats T-22, T-24 and T-25 that sweep a passage through their magnetic influence mines into the harbor.
31 August 1943:
The I-8 arrives at Brest. Cdr Uchino and his crew turn out on deck in their dress blues. They are greeted by Admiral Theodor Krancke (former CO of Panzerschiff ADMIRAL SCHEER), CINC of the Kriegsmarine's Marineoberkommando West (Group West) and receive German war decorations. The German station band plays welcoming martial music. The event is filmed for propaganda purposes. A French tug assists the I-8 in berthing in Pen "A" of Brest's huge U-boat bunker.
Brest is the home of the 1st U-Flotille "Weddigen" commanded by Knight's Cross winner Korvettenkapitän (later Kapitän zur See, Bundesmarine) Werner Winter (former CO of U-103) with its headquarters at the former French Naval Academy (L'Ecole Navale), a sprawling granite complex overlooking the bay. Later, the Germans host their Japanese counterparts in their luxurious leisure facility at Chateau de Trévarez overlooking the small town of Chateauneuf de Faou.
During the I-8's stay in France, Cdr Uchino meets Grossadmiral Karl Dönitz, CINC of the Kriegsmarine, and her crew visits Paris. A German news agency announces that "now even Japanese submarines are operating in the Atlantic".
5 October 1943:
The I-8 departs Brest escorted by two M-class minesweepers. Her cargo includes six 13-mm Rheinmetall-Borsig MG 131 machine guns with full ammunition, bombsights, one Daimler-Benz torpedo boat engine, naval chronometers, radars including the "Rotterdam Gerät" and sonar equipment, quad 20-mm "Flakvierling" AA guns, dive-bomber and horizontal-bomber bombsights, electric torpedoes and naval chronometers and penicillin.
The I-8's passengers include Rear Admiral Yokoi Tadao, the former Naval Attaché to Germany (Sep 40-Sep 43) and Captain Hosoya Sukeyoshi, the former Naval Attaché to France (Dec 39-Mar 43). The I-8 also carries three German naval officers including Japanese-speaking Lt Koch, one German Army major and four radar and hydrophone technicians including a Dr. Jakob and a Dr. Müller.
6 October 1943:
Escorted by eight aircraft, probably Junkers Ju-88s, the I-8 proceeds on one shaft at a maximum speed of 11 knots to conserve fuel. After crossing the equator, the I-8 sends her second position report to the Kriegsmarine, but the signal is intercepted and her position plotted by Allied high frequency direction finding ("huff duff"). The next day she is attacked by an ASW aircraft, but manages to crash-dive. While traversing the "roaring forties" another storm damages her bridge.
13 November 1943:
The I-8 passes Capetown. On that day, the I-34 (the next submarine en route to Europe) is torpedoed and sunk 30 miles S of Penang. ComSubRon 8, Rear Admiral Ishizaki orders Uchino to head for Singapore instead of Penang. (The I-8's ETA at Penang was 2 Dec 43.)
November 1943:
After passing the Cape of Good Hope, Cdr Uchino sights the 18,000-ton International Red Cross exchange and repatriation ship GRIPSHOLM en route from Lourenço Marques, Portugese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique).
Indian Ocean. Running on the surface, the I-8 affixes canvases with Hinomaru national identification markings on her conning tower. Just then a friendly aircraft buzzes her. Her fuel state is critical. She tries to contact Penang and other submarines, but is unsuccessful.
5 December 1943:
The I-8 arrives at Singapore via the Sunda Strait. Cdr Uchino anchors near Cdr Kinashi Takakazu's I-29 that has arrived recently from Kure. Uchino discusses the conditions in the Atlantic with Kinashi whose I-boat is being loaded for a Yanagi trip to France. Kinashi then contacts the Naval General Staff through channels and requests permission to install the I-8's Metox radar detector on the I-29. The NGS grants permission.
21 December 1943:
Arrives at Kure, completing a voyage of 30,000 miles. (The I-8 is the only IJN submarine to successfully complete a round-trip voyage from Japan to Europe in World War II.) She is transferred for refitting at the Mitsui Tamano Shipyard in the Okayama Prefecture.
Cdr Uchino proceeds to Tokyo to present his report about the voyage to the Chief of the Naval General Staff Admiral Osami Nagano and Navy minister Shimada Shigetaro. For the successful completion of the voyage, Uchino is promoted to Captain on 1 May 1944.
15 January 1944:
Cdr (Rear Admiral posthumously) Ariizumi Tatsunosuke assumes command of the I-8. Cdr Uchino is reassigned as senior staff officer, SubRon 11. In 1945, he finishes the war as CO of the Komatsu-Shima Naval Air Group.
21 February 1944:
Departs Kure for Penang.
March 1944:
The I-8 arrives at Penang. She is in SubRon 8 with the I-37, -165 and the I-166.
19 March 1944:
The I-8 departs Penang for a war patrol in the Indian Ocean.
26 March 1944:
Indian Ocean, west of the Maldives. At 0545, the 5,787-ton armed Dutch merchant TJISALAK is hit by two torpedoes from the I-8 at 02-30S, 78-40E. She was enroute from Melbourne, Australia to Ceylon (Sri Lanka.) Survivors are taken aboard the submarine. Ninety-eight crew and passengers are then massacred on the I-8's deck by swords and clubbing with wrenches. Ariizumi orders the I-8 machine-gunners to fire on any survivors who leap overboard. Of the 102 men and one nurse on board only five men survive. They eventually reach a lifeboat and are later picked up by the American "Liberty" ship JAMES A. WILDER.
30 March 1944:
Indian Ocean. The I-8 torpedoes and sinks the 6,589-ton British merchant CITY OF ADELAIDE.
11 April 1944:
Indian Ocean. The 10,448-ton American T-2 tanker YAMHILL is bound from Bahrein for Fremantle, Australia with a cargo of oil for American submarines. At 0607, at 3-31N, 67-07E, the YAMHILL encounters a Japanese submarine, probably the I-8, that fires four torpedoes at her about four minutes apart. Two of the torpedoes pass on the YAMHILL's portside and two pass on her starboard side. The YAMHILL sends out a wireless signal that she is under submarine attack and requests air cover.
The submarine surfaces at about 11,000 yards. A 12-hour battle follows. The YAMHILL's stern-mounted 5-inch .38 caliber main gun outranges the submarine's dual-mounted 140-mm (5.5-inch) guns by about 175 yards. The submarine fires about 20 shells, while the YAMHILL answers with 38 shells. About sunset, a RAF PBY "Catalina" long-range seaplane from the Maldives appears and drives the submarine under. The YAMHILL eludes the submarine in the darkness.
16 April 1944:
Near Addu Atoll, Maldives. The I-8 shells and possibly sinks a small unidentified sailing vessel.
5 May 1944:
The I-8 returns to Penang.
June 1944:
Departs Penang, carrying a "Glen" floatplane.
29 June 1944:
Indian Ocean. 200 miles ESE of Diego Garcia. The I-8's floatplane spots the 6,942-ton Eastern and Australia Line's freighter NELLORE that is independently en route from Bombay, India to Fremantle, Melbourne and Sydney with 2,720 tons of general cargo including government stores.
At 1145, the NELLORE is hit by a torpedo and sinks at 07-51S, 75-20E. A week later, the frigate HMS LOSSIE, K.303 (ex-USS PG-108) rescues 112 crewmen, including the NELLORE's Captain, near the Chagos Archipelago and lands them at Addu Atoll. On 17 July, two crewmen are picked up by an RAF "Catalina" and landed at Ceylon. On 27 July, almost 2500 miles from the site of the NELLORE's sinking and a month later, ten crewmen land at Sambavany, Madagascar. Of her 209 passengers and crew, 79 are lost and one gunner and ten passengers are taken prisoner.
2 July 1944:
Indian Ocean, 700 miles south of Ceylon. The 7,176-ton American "Liberty" ship JEAN NICOLET, carrying war materials for the China/Burma/India theater of war, is enroute from Fremantle for Colombo, Ceylon. She is probably spotted by the I-8's Glen. At 1907, Cdr Ariizumi fires two torpedoes and hits the NICOLET on her starboard side. Shortly thereafter she is abandoned. The I-8 then surfaces and destroys the lifeboats, then shells the wreck, setting her afire.
The I-8 takes 99 survivors aboard. The submarine's crew then searches, binds and questions the POWs. Ariizumi orders the NICOLET's master, radio operator and a civilian passenger taken below. In a three-hour massacre, most of the POWs are beaten, stabbed, or shot. Some are made to run a gauntlet of crewmen with knives and pipes. The I-8's radar detector picks up an aircraft. Ariizumi submerges and leaves the bound Americans on deck to drown, but some of the survivors, return to the burning NICOLET to launch rafts. The JEAN NICOLET sinks the next day at 3-28S, 74-30W. On 4 July, the Indian Navy trawler HOXA rescues 23 survivors. Of the three Americans taken below on the I-8, only the passenger survives internment as a PoW.
Mid-July 1944:
The I-8 receives an order to refuel the incoming RO-501 (ex-U-1224,"Marco Polo II") that is expected to arrive in the Indian Ocean from Europe, but the I-8 waits in vain. (The RO-501 was sunk on 13 May 1944 in the Atlantic Narrows.)
14 August 1944:
Arrives at Penang.
9 September 1944:
The German U-862 (later the I-502) arrives at Penang. She is welcomed by the German "Monsun" U-boat Group. Rear Admiral Uozumi Jisaku (former CO of CA HAGURO), ComSubRon 8, and his staff and Cdr Ariizumi also welcome the Germans.
11 September 1944:
The U-862's Commanding Officer, Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Timm, hosts Rear Admiral Uozumi, Cdr Ariizumi and a group of the I-8's officers aboard the U-boat. That afternoon, Ariizumi reciprocates and Timm and the U-862's officers pay a call on the I-8.
9 October 1944:
The I-8 arrives at Yokosuka for repairs. While at the dock yard, the I-8's aircraft hangar and catapult are removed. Fittings are installed to enable the I-8 to carry four "kaiten" human torpedos, but none is ever carried.
15 October 1944:
Cdr Ariizumi is promoted to Captain.
15 December 1944:
LtCdr Shinohara Shigeo (former CO of I-169) assumes command. Captain Ariizumi is reassigned as ComSubRon 1.****
18 March 1945:
Departs Saeki with the RO-41, RO-49 and the RO-56. The RO-boats are to operate south of Okinawa, but the I-8's mission is to raid the American West Coast again.
The burning USS FRANKLIN (CV-13) is sighted near Shikoku. The submarines are diverted to finish off the carrier, but the I-8 has a malfunctioning periscope and is forced to to return to base.
20 March 1945:
Vice Admiral Miwa Shigeyoshi, CINC, Sixth Fleet, informs the submarine commanders of the presence of a strong enemy fleet in the Okinawa area.
26 March 1945: American Operation "Iceberg" - The Invasion of Okinawa:
The 77th Infantry Division lands on the Kerama Islands and captures advance bases and anchorages in preparation for the coming invasion by Vice Admiral (later Admiral) Raymond A. Spruance's Fifth Fleet that includes more than 40 aircraft carriers, 18 battleships, 200 destroyers and over 1,000 support ships.
28 March 1945:
Ryukyu Islands. Three days before the invasion, LtCdr Shinohara sights a convoy and begins pursuit. At 1805, he sends his last message: "Two enemy transports and four destroyers sighted 110 n. miles from Naha, bearing 150".
31 March 1945:
Off Kerama Retto, Okinawa. That night, Cdr W. R. Glennon's USS STOCKTON (DD-646) is screening a task group. The STOCKTON is assisted in the ASW effort by Martin PBM "Mariner" seaplanes from the tender USS CHANDELEUR (AV-10).
The STOCKTON picks up a surface radar contact. After spotting a surfaced submarine, Cdr Glennon tries to contact her by megaphone, but she crash-dives. The destroyer soon makes a sound contact and attacks with a salvo of depth charges. In seven attacks over the next four hours, Cdr Glennon expends all of his depth charges, but fails to inflict any significant damage on the I-8.
Cdr J. R. Hansen's MORRISON (DD-560) arrives just as the I-8 surfaces, but she submerges immediately. At 0324, the MORRISON drops a pattern of eleven charges with shallow settings. The I-8 is then at 590 feet, but a serious leak develops in her aft crew compartment and she takes on an upward angle of 25 degrees. Cdr Shinohara orders the I-8 to battle-surface. She surfaces about 900 yards off the MORRISON's starboard bow.
Shinohara has no torpedoes remaining. The destroyer turns right and attempts to ram the submarine, but the I-8 turns hard right towards her. Shinohara engages the MORRISON with his 25-mm AA guns and dual-mounted 140-mm deck guns, but they only get off two shots. After a 30-minute fight, the MORRISON's main armament of five 5-inch quick firing guns shatters and sinks the I-8. She capsizes and goes down by the stern with 130 crewmen at 25-29N, 128-35E.
A small boat from the MORRISON rescues one survivor, PO Mukai, one of the I-8's gun crew who was wounded in the shelling and blown overboard.
10 April 1945:
Presumed lost in Okinawa area.
10 August 1945:
Removed from the Navy List.

Authors' Notes:
*Curiously, photos of the I-8 taken when she enters Brest, France the following year do not show these identification bands.
**In April 43, Cdr Emi travels from Penang as a passenger aboard the I-29 and then transfers to the U-180 to Bordeaux, France so that he can observe German U-boat building techniques. In May 1944, he returns to Japan as a passenger aboard the U-1224/RO-501, but is lost with the former U-boat.
***When Japan enters the war, the Axis Tripartite agreement is amended to provide for an exchange of strategic materials and manufactured goods between Europe and the Far East. Cargo ships make the initial Yanagi exchanges, but when that is no longer possible submarines are used.
****The Japanese crew claim that on 31 August 1945, as the 1-401 enters Tokyo Bay to surrender, Ariizumi shot himself, but his body is never found nor seen by the Americans.
In 1946, 13 former crewmembers of I-8 and several IJN submarine staff officers are tried in Tokyo for war crimes committed in the Indian Ocean. The Gunnery Officer Lt Masataka Sadao is sentenced to seven years in prison, Lt Hattori Masanori to five years and other crewmembers receive lesser sentences.
Special thanks go to Mr. William Jopes, a former Merchant Marine cadet aboard the SS YAMHILL for providing the YAMHILL's gunnery officer's deck log of the encounter with a Japanese submarine on 11 April 1944. Thanks for help in preparing this TROM also go to Dr. Higuchi Tatsuhiro of Japan, Andrew Obluski of Poland, Jan Visser of the Netherlands, Jean-Francois Masson of Canada and Steve Eckardt of Australia.
- Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp

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